The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a protein that plays a crucial role in cell growth, division, and survival. It belongs to the ErbB family of receptors, which also includes HER2, HER3, and HER4. EGFR is a transmembrane glycoprotein composed of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. Its activation triggers a complex signaling network that regulates various cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis.
EGFR is normally activated by the binding of specific ligands, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). This ligand binding induces the formation of EGFR homo- and heterodimers with other ErbB receptors, leading to the autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the intracellular domain. These phosphorylated tyrosines serve as docking sites for adapter proteins and enzymes, which initiate several downstream signaling pathways. The most prominent of these pathways are the PI3K/AKT and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK cascades, which regulate cell survival and proliferation, respectively.
Dysregulation of EGFR activity has been implicated in various human diseases, most notably cancer. Overexpression or mutation of EGFR can lead to its constitutive activation, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and tumorigenesis. This is particularly evident in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), where EGFR mutations are found in approximately 10-15% of patients, especially in East Asian populations. These mutations, often involving exon 19 deletions or the L858R point mutation, confer sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) like gefitinib and afatinib.
In addition to NSCLC, EGFR is also overexpressed in other cancers, including breast, colon, head and neck, and pancreatic cancer. Its overexpression often correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Therefore, EGFR has become an attractive target for cancer therapy. Besides TKIs, monoclonal antibodies like cetuximab and panitumumab, which block ligand binding to EGFR, have been approved for the treatment of colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Despite the initial efficacy of these EGFR-targeted therapies, resistance inevitably develops through various mechanisms. Secondary mutations in EGFR, such as T790M, can prevent TKI binding without impairing receptor activation. Other mechanisms involve bypass signaling through alternative receptor tyrosine kinases or the PI3K/AKT pathway. To combat resistance, third-generation TKIs like osimertinib, which selectively target both sensitizing and resistant EGFR mutations, have been developed. Additionally, combination therapies with other signaling inhibitors are being explored to enhance durability of response.
In conclusion, the EGFR protein plays a pivotal role in regulating normal cell growth and is a key driver in the development and progression of various cancers. Its targeting has revolutionized the treatment of NSCLC and other malignancies. However, the emergence of resistance highlights the need for further research into the complex biology of EGFR signaling and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes.
About the Author
Collected by Creative BioMart, one of the world leading biotechnology companies that provides a wide range of quality recombinant proteins for research use. EGFR proteins at Creative BioMart mainly include: Active Recombinant Human EGFR protein, Fc-tagged, APC labeled, Active Recombinant Human EGFR Mutant (d747-752 P753S), GST-tagged, Active Recombinant Human EGFR, GST-tagged, Active Recombinant Human EGFR Mutant (G719C), GST-tagged, Recombinant Human EGFR, Fc Chimera, Recombinant Full Length Human EGFR protein, Flag-tagged…